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In the shifting landscape of European information security, Bulgaria has become a frontline laboratory for a subtler, more adaptive kind of disinformation warfare. The second report in the Disinformation Observatory’s Strategic Information Threats Report (SITRep) series—Strategic Threat Assessment of the Pravda Disinformation Operations: Bulgaria—examines how the Kremlin-aligned Pravda network has deployed the doctrine of reflexive…

In the void left by the EU’s ban on Russia Today and Sputnik, a new Russian disinformation machine has quietly taken their place. It’s called Pravda—a sprawling network of over 190 websites publishing in dozens of languages, from Serbian to Maori, and fine-tuned for search engine dominance. But the most telling feature isn’t its reach—it’s…